Scientists Finally Figure Out How to…Give a Mouse Acne

When medical scientists try to find a cure for disease X, they usually start by engineering an animal model that exhibits the etiology (or at very least, the symptoms) of the disease.

I’ve been writing recently about genetic mouse models of autism which, because of the heterogeneity and “humanness” of the condition, are extremely difficult to make.

I was pretty surprised to learn today that scientists have also had major difficulties making a mouse model of a decidedly less complex condition: acne.

The first problem is that mice are hairy. But that one’s easy to circumvent: use bald mice.

The bigger problem lies in the nature of acne, the pus-filled legions that crop up when bacteria infects hair follicles. Those bacteria can’t survive without oil in the skin, and the bald mice apparently don’t have enough oil.

So what did some clever scientists turn to? Teflon. As published in PLoS ONE in February, dermatologist Chun-Ming Huang and colleagues at the University of California, San Diego put human cells into tiny Teflon chambers, and stuck those chambers under the abdominal skin of mice. After letting them thrive for a bit, they infected the cells with Propionibacterium acnes bacteria and, voilà, pimples!

They isolated some proteins coming from the bacteria and from the liquid that oozed from the pimples, both of which will apparently be useful for developing an acne vaccine (talk about a blockbuster drug…). Super. For me, it’s the methods that make this a great story. Who doesn’t love the image of itty bitty pimples growing on itty bitty Teflon pans in the belly of a mouse?!

(Hat tip: Today in Mice)

Isaac Hayes’ Afterlife

On Sunday, soul music legend and devoted Scientologist Isaac Hayes died of a stroke. The next day—in one of the most entertaining articles I’ve read in a long time—Slate took on the question of what’s in store for Mr. Hayes’ soul.

The Scientology Press Office says that it will be “born again into the flesh of another body;” conveniently, the exact mechanisms of that process cannot fully be understood by “church outsiders.”

Fortunately, the Slate article digs up some of the few juicy details that have been revealed to “outsiders” in the 46 years since L. Ron Hubbard made up the religion:

…Every human being is really an immortal spiritual being known as a thetan and the “meat bodies” we inhabit are merely vessels we shed upon death. (Members of the elite church cadre known as Sea Org for example, sign contracts that pledge a billion years of service throughout successive lives.) When a body dies, its thetan forgets the details of the former life, though painful and traumatic images known as engrams remain rooted in its unconscious.

…In a widely reprinted 1990 Los Angeles Times article, Hubbard was quoted (apparently from a lecture given in the 1950s) describing how, after death, a thetan is carried to a “landing station” on Venus, where it is “programmed with lies,” put in a capsule, and then “dumped” back on Earth, where it wanders in search of a baby to inhabit.

So much for “Rest in Peace.”

Amazing Satellite Images

Need a new desktop wallpaper? Check out these amazing satellite images. Shown above, the Malaspina Glacier, in Alaska: 

Several glaciers spill onto the Gulf of Alaska to form the gentle ripples of the Malaspina, an ice field so large it can only be seen in its entirety from space. Its tongue, here shown in sky blue, flows from the stunning Saint Elias Mountains towards the sea, filling the plain, although at no point does it actually reach the icy water.

Amanda Peet, my new favorite celebrity!

Finally, a celebrity has spoken to counter all that Jenny McCarthy crap!

Amanda Peet, in a recent interview in Cookie Magazine, said that “parents who don’t vaccinate their children are parasites.” (Peet is the mother of an 18-month-old.)

Then, in a follow-up letter to the magazine, she apologized for the “mean and divisive” use of the word “parasite,” but didn’t back down from her original message:

 

However, I still believe that the decision not to vaccinate our children bodes for a dangerous future. Vast reductions in immunization will lead to a resurgence of deadly viruses. This is as indisputable as global warming. I know a lot of parents who secretly use as a justification, “Well, enough other people are vaccinating, so therefore, we don’t have to.”

Hooray!

(Hat tip: Sullivan)

Autism and the Gut

Many cases of autism originate not in the brain, but in the gut, according to a few controversial studies published in the past year.

Stomach upsets are among the most frequent and puzzling symptoms of autism. About 70% of children with autism have gastrointestinal problems throughout their lives, including frequent abdominal pain, constipation and vomiting, compared with 28% of typically developing children, according to a 2006 study.

Many parents of these children say that tailored diets — lacking wheat and gluten, dairy or both — dramatically improve language skills, or decrease tantrums and hyperactivity, although few studies have borne out that hypothesis.

Still, the anecdotal evidence has led some researchers to ask whether the brain and behavioral abnormalities associated with autism — and perhaps the dramatic rise in autism diagnoses — stem from problems in the gut.

“We cannot ignore the fact that these children don’t just have something wrong with their brain. A lot of them have something wrong with their gut,” says Derrick MacFabe, director of the Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group at the University of Western Ontario.

Over the past year, MacFabe has published two studies showing that in rats, fatty acids produced by gut bacteria can cause abnormal behavior and brain patterns.

Few others are rigorously studying the gut’s link to autism, and many are skeptical of its ties to the field of alternative medicine. But as mounting evidence points to the heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorders, many experts agree that it’s time to start looking at possible environmental factors.

“Some of my geneticist colleagues think we’ll have to study the genes first, before we start the environmental part — that’s a mistake,” says Martha Herbert, a pediatric neurologist at Harvard Medical School. “Each one is going to give us clues about the other, and the whole thing will move faster if we work together.”

…read more of my latest at Simons

Watch a Heart Beat

COOL WEBSITE OF THE MONTH—WOOT!

Jennifer just sent me a link to some of the most striking animations I’ve ever seen.

Go there for up-close views of (among other things): a T4 bacteriophage targeting E. Coli; the DNA double helix; Xeloda, the first oral chemotherapy drug, targeting a tumor cell; or a human heart filling up with blood (pictured above).

Breastfeeding and HIV

In Sub-Saharan Africa, about 1.5 million pregnant women live with HIV.

Without antiretroviral drug treatments, the likelihood that these women will pass on the virus to their child is around 15 to 30 percent, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). If the mother breast-feeds, which most do for at least 18 months, that risk of transmission jumps even higher–up to 45 percent.

Because of this risk, babies born to women with HIV in Western countries are only fed formula to prevent virus transmission through breast milk. This isn’t an option in poor countries. Not only is formula expensive, but making it safely requires electricity, refrigeration and clean water.

Moreover, if an HIV-positive mother doesn’t breast-feed in these regions, then her child will not receive the enormous immunological benefits of the process, and have a much greater chance of dying from pneumonia, diarrhea, or malnutrition.

“The outcome is the same: whether HIV infection or another disease, both will kill the infant,” says infectious disease epidemiologist Taha Taha of Johns Hopkins University. “So the main challenge is: how can we make this breast-feeding period safe?”

The answer may lie in the results of two large clinical trials published 4 June in the New England Journal of Medicine. The first, led by Columbia University epidemiologist Patricia Kuhn on 958 HIV-positive mothers in Zambia, found that abrupt weaning–a common practice previously recommended by the WHO–did not improve survival rates of babies who were not infected with HIV, and actually increased the mortality rates of babies who were infected with HIV.

The second study, led by Taha on 3,016 infants in Malawi, found that giving an inexpensive antiretroviral drug to infants during the first 14 weeks of breast-feeding significantly reduced the number of HIV infections recorded at 9 months old.

Read more of my latest piece from Nature Medicine

Parasite Vaccines: Easy!

Malaria is the leading cause of death and disease in developing countries, according to the CDC, killing more than one million people every year.

Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, and transmitted to the human blood stream by mosquitoes.

Parasites are notoriously, well, parasitic. Their cells look a lot like our own, making it extremely difficult to design drugs that target them but not us.

But a new study from immunologists at the University of California, Berkeley, finds that the human response to one parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is surprisingly simple. The researchers say this may mean that making a vaccine for other parasitic diseases, such as malaria, may be much easier than previously thought.

“The entire immune response can be boiled down to one protein,” lead author Nilabh Shastri said in a press release. “This could be a general principle of immunity to parasites—that the immune system focuses on one or a few particular proteins.”

Toxoplasma gondii, the parasite that causes encephalitis, is made up of more than 8,000 proteins. But Shastri found that the mouse immune system responds responds to only one of these proteins. With an understanding of this (relatively) simple mechanism, his team made a successful vaccine against Taxoplasma.

They’re now working on testing the same vaccine in people.

“If these findings hold true for other parasites, then the identification of these proteins would be key to making vaccines,” Shastri said.

Read his Nature Immunology study.

Religious Nitwits and Anti-Obama Propaganda

Tara’s just written a pretty powerful post about smallmindedness in small towns, so I figured I’d chime in, too. (And if you stay with me for a bit, you’ll see why this seemingly political discussion has everything to do with science.)

One of my biggest reservations about voting for Barack Obama is his Christian fundamentalism. You’d think that this would be one of the biggest selling points to my Midwestern family members, who believe—above all else—in Christian religious faith.

Unfortunately, rather than embrace his faith, the right-wing Christians have pegged Obama as a “Muslim extremist.”

I received my first anti-Obama email chain letter on January 8, from one of my closest family members. (Its contents below the fold…)

Continue reading ‘Religious Nitwits and Anti-Obama Propaganda’

Coffee Complexity

Yesterday morning, in an adorable backyard patio apartment in Carroll Gardens, I experienced my first coffee cupping. The organizers, coffee consultant Daniel Humphries and dancer-gourmet chef Bobbie Marchand, put out an amazing spread. The coffees—some sweet and citrusy, some spicy and savory—came from Sumatra, Ethiopia, and Panama. They were paired with: orange blossom yogurt over red quinoa; a medium-boiled egg over pea puree; a vanilla-bean encrusted roast beef sandwich; and a sticky citrus-banana bread cake. To quote the uber-annoying Rachael Ray: YUMO!

Distinguishing among the subtle layering of flavor in the coffees was, for me, much more difficult than doing so in wine. I’m not sure if that reflects coffee’s complexity or my insensitivity to it. 

Daniel told us about the World Barista Championship, which is happening right now in Copenhagen. Contenders have to make 12 drinks—four cappuccinos, four espressos, and four “signature drinks”—for four judges in just 15 minutes! He said that the Scandinavians always win. (The top finalists so far are from Sweden, Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Australia.)

Anyone who’s a coffee snob (or, like me, interested in becoming one) should definitely check out Daniel’s amazing blog. I can’t wait until he and Bobbie host another event!

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